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  • Top 1200 Software Testing Interview Questions and Answers : Manual and Automation
  • Manual Testing
    • Testing Fundamentals
      • What is software testing and why is it absolutely critical?
      • Explain the crucial difference between verification and validation with real examples
      • What are the 7 principles of software testing and why does each matter?
      • Differentiate between SDLC and STLC with practical scenarios
    • Testing Models & Defect Management
      • What is the V-Model and when should you use it?
      • Explain defect clustering and pesticide paradox with real project examples
      • What are the most common misconceptions about software testing?
      • How does testing actually save companies money in the long run?
      • What is the difference between severity and priority of a defect?
      • Explain the concept of root cause analysis (RCA) in defect management
      • What makes a great software tester beyond just finding bugs?
      • How has software testing evolved in the last decade?
      • Explain boundary value analysis with example
      • What is equivalence partitioning and how is it applied?
      • What is exploratory testing and when should it be used?
      • How do you prioritize test cases in a limited time scenario?
    • Black Box Testing Techniques
      • Explain boundary value analysis with multiple parameters
      • What is cause-effect graphing?
      • Difference between equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis
      • When to use decision table testing over state transition testing?
      • What is all-pairs testing?
      • How to handle error guessing technique?
      • What is monkey testing?
      • Define ad-hoc testing
      • Explain boundary value analysis with multiple parameters
      • What is cause-effect graphing?
      • Difference between equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis
      • When to use decision table testing over state transition testing?
      • What is all-pairs testing?
      • How to handle error guessing technique?
      • What is the difference between functional and non-functional testing?
      • Give an example of exploratory testing.
    • Defect Life Cycle
      • Explain the defect life cycle with example
      • Difference between severity and priority
      • How to report a defect effectively
      • What is root cause analysis in testing?
      • What is defect triage?
      • How to classify defect severity?
    • Test Metrics & Reporting
      • What are key testing metrics?
      • Explain defect density and how it's calculated
      • What is test execution report and why it is important?
      • How to measure test effectiveness?
      • What is defect leakage?
      • How to track test progress?
      • What is a test summary report?
      • Why are dashboards important in testing?
    • Test Planning & Strategy
      • What is a test plan and why is it crucial?
      • Difference between test strategy and test plan
      • How to prioritize test cases effectively?
      • Explain risk-based testing approach
      • How to estimate testing effort?
      • How to handle changes in requirements during testing?
      • What are common mistakes in test planning?
    • Agile & DevOps Testing
      • How is testing different in Agile compared to Waterfall?
      • Explain continuous testing in DevOps
      • What is test automation pyramid?
      • How do QA and Dev teams collaborate in Agile?
      • What is shift-left testing?
      • How testing works in Scrum sprints?
      • What are common challenges in Agile testing?
      • How to measure testing effectiveness in DevOps?
    • Regression & Retesting
      • What is regression testing and why is it essential?
      • Difference between retesting and regression testing
      • When to automate regression tests?
      • How to select test cases for regression suite?
      • What is partial vs full regression?
      • How often should regression testing be done?
      • How to maintain regression test suite?
      • What is risk-based regression testing?
    • Integration & System Testing
      • What is integration testing and approaches used?
      • Explain system testing with example
      • Difference between top-down and bottom-up integration
      • How to perform interface testing?
      • What is big bang integration?
      • What are stubs and drivers?
      • What is incremental integration testing?
      • How to handle integration defects?
      • How to prioritize integration test cases?
      • What are common challenges in system integration testing?
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  1. Black Box Testing Techniques

What is cause-effect graphing?

Cause-Effect Graphing: Technique to convert input conditions (causes) into a graph representing logical relationships and corresponding outputs (effects). Helps design comprehensive test cases for complex business rules.
Example: Loan eligibility depends on age, income, credit score. Graphing shows all logical outcomes and generates test cases systematically.

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